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| Date | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| April 30, 2025 | New Emissions factors | New emission factors (EFs) related to feed production were estimated under a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach, including emissions from cradle to animal mouth and using 2020 as a reference year. Key areas of focus of the update include 1) CO₂ emissions from the energy used for on-farm agricultural activities and for the manufacture of inputs, such as synthetic fertilizers and pesticides; 2) N₂O emissions associated with nitrogen inputs to soil, such as synthetic fertilizers, manure and crop residues; 3) CH₄ emissions from rice cultivation; and 5) CO₂ emissions from land use change (LUC) due to croplands expansion. Feed transport and trade are not included in the current update of EFs. Emissions from primary crop production were estimated using IPCC guidelines (2019) and data sourced from FAOSTAT (FAO, 2024), Ludemann et al. (2022), and Singh et al. (2024). Flows of primary crops and co-products and the associated emissions were traced through international value chains using AgroSCAN (Arto et al., 2024), a physical Multi-Regional Input Output (MRIO) database developed by the Basque Center for Climate Change (BC3). The update excludes swill, fishmeal, synthetic additives, lime and beet pulp, for which EFs from previous versions are provided. Differently from previous versions of GLEAM, no impacts were allocated to crop residues, as they were considered a waste from primary production. Moreover, important differences in the EFs for LUC can be observed and arise from three factors: 1) additional crops beyond soybeans and palm were considered, including all primary crops reported in Singh et al. (2024), with the exclusion of pasture and forest plantations; 2) the geographical coverage is broader, with the new data source reporting deforestation risks and associated emissions on a global scale, beyond the tropical countries included in previous assessments; 3) emissions from peat drainage were included, together with those from deforestation events. A detailed methodological description is under review and will be published in the following months. Arto, I., Cazcarro, I., Escobar, N., Román, MV., Bruckner, M. & Sanz, MJ. 2024. Agro-SCAN: A new Multi-Regional Input-Output database for estimating cropland and calorie footprints of agri-food consumption. 14th International Conference LCA Foods, Barcelona (Spain), Oral presentation., 8 September 2024. https://www.lcafood2024.com/programme/book-of-abstracts FAO. 2024. FAOSTAT. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data IPCC. 2019. 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Calvo Buendia, E., Tanabe, K., Kranjc, A., Baasansuren, J., Fukuda, M., Ngarize S., Osako, A. et al., eds. IPCC, Switzerland. https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/index.html Ludemann, C.I., Gruere, A., Heffer, P. & Dobermann, A. 2022. Global data on fertilizer use by crop and by country. Scientific Data, 9(1): 501. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01592-z Singh, C., Persson, U.M., Croft, S., Kastner, T. & West, C.D. 2024. Commodity-driven deforestation, associated carbon emissions and trade 2001-2022. Chalmers University of Technology, Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Stockholm Environment Institute York, and York University. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10633818 |
| Feb. 3, 2023 | Align CH4 and N2O GWP on IPCC 2021 guidelines | CH4 GWP is now set to 27 ansd N2O GWP to 273 |
| March 14, 2022 | Switch composting direct N2O emission factor from 0.1 to 0.005 | The IPCC guidelines 2019 revised the value of kgN2O-N/kg N excreted for composting manure management system from 0.1 to 0.005 |